Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50 years in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Huaxing BI  Bin LIU  Jie WU  Lei YUN  Zhihan CHEN  Zhewei CUI Prof. in hydrology  College of soil  water conservation  Box  Beijing Forestry University  Qinghua East Road  Haidian District  Beijing  China  Researcher in hydrology  Xifeng station of soil  water conservation  Xifeng  Gansu Province  China Graduate Assis. 《国际泥沙研究》2009,24(3):352-364

In the past century, great progress has been made worldwide in our understanding of forest-water relationship. The successful forestation programs implemented in China-which have improved the ecological environmental conditions-have gained the attention of many researchers and highlighted the relationship between forestation and water yields. The arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau has received attention from water engineers and eco-hydrological researchers in China because of a shortage in water resources. We selected one of the oldest stations conducting soil and water conservation experiments, the Xifeng soil and water conservation station, and chose the Nanxiaohe catchment and its paired catchments （Yangjiagou catchment and Dongzhuanggou catchment） as our research areas. Trends in precipitation, air temperature, streamflow over the past 50 years, and the effect of changing land use on streamflow were analyzed. The Mann-Kendall test showed that precipitation had a negative trend （downward trend）, whereas air temperature showed a positive trend （upward trend） from the past to present in the Nanxiaohe catchment. However, the trends seen in precipitation, air temperature did not contain any ＂jumping points.＂ The paired catchment approach is used to detect the effects of land cover change on hydrology in the Yangjiagou and the contrast catchment, i.e., Dongzhuanggou catchment in our study. The results showed a large change in land use in the Yangjiagou catchment from 1954 to 2008. An increase in forested land （from 0% to 40.08% from 1954 to 2008） and a reduction of bare land （from 51.26% to 5.50% from 1954 to 2008） accounted for a large part of the change in land use. However, the land use changed little in the contrast catchment. The comparison of streamfiow in the paired catchments showed that forestation reduced streamflow by 49.63% （or 6.5 mm） each year.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation for the coupling effect of local atmospheric circulations over the area of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

ShuHua Liu  ZhenXin Liu  Ju Li  YinChun Wang  YanJun Ma  Li Sheng  HePing Liu  FuMing Liang  GuoJun Xin  JianHua Wang 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2009,52(3):382-392

Using the model system MM5.V3 and multi-layer grid nesting technique, we have done a multi-scale numerical simulation over the area of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province to analyze the temperature and wind field there and study its local circulations. The results show a coupling effect of Urban Heat Island Circulation (UHIC), Mountain Valley Breeze (MVB) and Sea Land Breeze (SLB) occurs in this area when the synoptic system is weak. The SLB can penetrate deep into the mainland for about 200 km when it is blooming. MVB can extend to south and cover almost the whole plain area in Beijing. Both MVB and SLB are diurnal periodical; meanwhile the phase of MVB drops behind that of SLB for about six hours. As a local circulation, the UHIC weakens the two circulations above, and it also has a diurnal period. As a result, the coupling effect of circulations reveals not only different features in spring-summer period and autumn-winter period in a year but also the difference between early morning to noonday and afternoon to night in a day. We noted the diffusion of contamination over the area around Beijing, and found the steady presence of a transport routine of contamination over North-China throughout the year caused by the Coupling Effect mentioned above. This find is important for studying the environment pollution in this area. Supported by Central Public Welfare Special Fund Program for the Institute and Higher Education (Grant No. IUMKY200701), Public Welfare Special Fund Program (Meteorology) of China Scientific and Technological Ministry (Grant Nos. CYHY20080620, CYHY200706004), Spread New Technology Program of China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. CMATG2007M15) and Urban Meteorology Scientific Research Fund Program of the Institute of Beijing Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. UMRF200702)  相似文献   

Isotopic and geochemical characterization of salinization in the shallow aquifers of a reclaimed subsiding zone: The southern Venice Lagoon coastland   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Julie C. Gattacceca  Christine Vallet-Coulomb  Adriano Mayer  Christelle Claude  Olivier Radakovitch  Enrico Conchetto  Bruno Hamelin   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,378(1-2):46-61

The coastal plain bordering the southern Venice Lagoon is a reclaimed lowland characterized by high subsidence rate, and ground level and water-table depth below sea level. In this agricultural region, where the surface hydrologic network is entirely artificially controlled by irrigation/drainage canals, salinization problems have long been encountered in soils and groundwaters. Here we use isotopic and geochemical tracers to improve our understanding of the origin of salinization and mineralization of the semi-confined aquifer (0–40 m), and the freshwater inputs to this hydrological system. Water samples have been collected at different seasons in the coastal Adriatic Sea, lagoon, rivers and irrigation canals, as well as in the semi-confined aquifer at depths between 12 and 35 m (14 boreholes), and in the first confined aquifer (three boreholes drilled between 40 and 80 m depth). Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δD) and conductivity profiles show that direct saline intrusion from the sea or the lagoon is observed only in a restricted coastal strip, while brackish groundwaters are found over the entire topographic and piezometric depression in the centre of the study area. Fresh groundwaters are found only in the most western zone. The sharp isotopic contrast between the western and central regions suggests disconnected hydrological circulations between these two parts of the shallow aquifer. The border between these two regions also corresponds to the limits of the most strongly subsiding zone.Our results can be interpreted in terms of a four end-member mixing scheme, involving (1) marine water from the lagoon or the open sea, (2) alpine and pre-alpine regional recharge waters carried either by the main rivers Adige, Bacchiglione and Brenta (irrigation waters) or by the regional groundwater circulation, (3) local precipitation, and (4) evaporated waters infiltrated from the surface. Infiltration from the surface is also revealed by the stratification of the electrical conductivity profiles, showing that the brackish groundwaters are overlain by a shallow layer of less saline water all over the central depression. In the first confined aquifer, the groundwaters have isotopic compositions similar to the deep groundwaters of the Venetian confined aquifers (40–400 m depth). The isotopic data and the Br/Cl ratio show that the origin of the salinization of the phreatic aquifer can be ascribed to seawater intrusion alone, with no indication of the involvement of deep brines (identified at 450 m depth) in the process.The chemical composition of the saline and brackish groundwaters is characterized by an excess of sodium and a deficit of calcium compared to conservative mixing between fresh groundwaters and seawater. This suggests that the phreatic aquifer is progressively freshening, as a consequence of the beneficial influence of the extensive irrigation/drainage network, including raised canals acting as a hydraulic barrier along the coast. This freshening tendency may have been lasting since the reclamation in the mid-twentieth century, and has probably been accelerated by the ban on groundwater abstraction since the 1970s.  相似文献   

民勤绿洲生态重建目标下土地利用和农业结构调整的政策选择   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

石敏俊  陶卫春  赵学涛 《干旱区地理》2009,32(2)

水资源过度利用引起的土地退化日益威胁着绿洲地区的经济社会可持续发展.为恢复绿洲生态环境,压缩农业用水势在必行.然而压缩用水后如何保障农民收入成为实现可持续发展的关键问题之一.应用Bio-economic模型,定量模拟了压缩农业用水后农户对土地利用和农业结构调整、推广节水技术、增加非农就业机会等政策措施的行为响应.结果显示,压缩农业用水后农民收入将下降到压缩前的53%;调整农业结构、推广闸管灌等节水灌溉技术和增加非农就业机会,可以在不同程度上缓解压缩农业用水造成的农民收入损失.不同区域农户响应行为有所差异,应因地制宜地采取配套措施.劳动力相对紧张、人均收入较高的泉山区,可提供一次性补贴鼓励闸管灌的采用;人多地少、集约化程度较高的坝区,应在加强推广闸管灌技术的同时,增加非农就业机会;生态脆弱的湖区,政策重点应放在劳动力转移上.上述措施最终只能使农民收入恢复到压缩用水前的75%,因此应该考虑给农民提供生态补偿,并积极探索增加农民收入的新途径.  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地杨树苗木生长过程中蒸腾耗水规律研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

岳广阳  赵哈林  张铜会  牛丽 《中国沙漠》2009,29(4):674-679

应用热平衡茎流测量技术,Li-6400光合作用测量系统和自动气象站,对科尔沁沙地杨树苗木生长过程中的蒸腾耗水规律及其与环境因子的关系进行研究。结果表明,杨树液流日变化曲线根据天气条件的不同呈现为多峰或宽峰状态,液流启动时间为04:30,并在21:00达到最低值。液流通量密度变化趋势与环境因子变化趋势相吻合,液流的变化是受各环境因子综合作用的结果。光合有效辐射(Q)和空气水蒸汽压亏缺(D)是杨树苗木蒸腾耗水的主要驱动因子,它们对于液流变化的影响快速而直接。杨树属于高耗水低水分利用型植物,适合在水分条件较好的立地条件下进行栽植。  相似文献   

基于MODIS数据的青海湖流域地表温度反演研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

翟俊  山发寿  仝彩荣  王明祥  宋明辉  房忱琛 《盐湖研究》2009,17(4):14-21

地表温度是检测地球环境变化的重要指标,将地表温度与气象观测资料相结合可以更准确地检测地表履被、土壤湿度及水分含量变化。利用MODIS数据对青海湖流域地表温度进行反演,将反演结果与实测0 cm地面温度对比分析,显示反演的地表温度值与实测0 cm地面温度值平均差-1.05℃,在当前遥感反演地表温度的误差之内。结果表明地表温度和气象观测资料相结合,可以用于监测地表温度的变化,进而建立偏远地区气候资源数据库。  相似文献   

20世纪50-70年代的围湖垦殖与江汉平原湖泊湿地演化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张毅  曾群  陈玉华  邓宏兵  金伯欣 《湿地科学与管理》2009,5(2)

利用相关资料并借助RS/GIS方法对20世纪50-70年代的大规模围垦情况进行了初步分析。结果表明:20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代0.1km2以上的湖泊总量分别是1309个、611个、612个、838个,湖泊总面积分别是8503.7km2、5467.5km2、2934.3km2、2977.3km2。湖泊数量和面积减少与围湖垦殖关系密切,江汉湖区平均面积变化率为65.0%,围垦具有明显的区域差异特征。围湖垦殖与江汉平原湿地演化关系密切,围湖垦殖降低了江汉平原湿地演化的可持续性。  相似文献   

基于PSR模型的区域土地利用可持续性分析——以山东省济南市为例          下载免费PDF全文

郭晨  魏鲁 《山东国土资源》2017,33(2)

山东省济南市是我国中部地区最为重要的城市之一。近年来,随着经济的不断发展,济南市土地可持续性利用问题成为了学术界研究的热点之一。该文主要运用了PSR模型,从压力-状态-响应3个方面选取了9个指标,构建了土地利用可持续性评价指标体系及模型,对山东省济南市进行了评价。研究结果表明,济南市土地利用可持续性整体上有了一定的提高,在未来发展中,济南市要始终注重耕地保护,用养结合,提高土地的可持续利用程度。  相似文献   

Land use change under conditions of high population pressure: the case of Java   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

Peter H. Verburg  Tom Veldkamp  Johan Bouma 《Global Environmental Change》1999,9(4):303

A long history of increases in population pressure in Java has caused agricultural land use to expand and intensify. More recent land use changes caused the conversion of prime agricultural land into residential and industrial area. Results of a dynamic, regional-scale, land use change model are presented, defining the spatial distribution of these land use changes. The model is based on multi-scale modelling of the relations between land use and socio-economic and biophysical determinants. Historical validation showed that the model can adequately simulate the pattern of land use change. Future patterns of land use change between 1994 and 2010 are simulated assuming further urbanization. The results suggest that most intensive land use changes will occur in Java's lowland areas.  相似文献   

气象卫星遥感地表温度推算近地表气温方法研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

韩秀珍  李三妹  窦芳丽 《气象学报》2012,70(5):1107-1118

气温是各种植物生理、水文、气象、环境等模式或模型中的一个非常重要的近地表气象参数.多年来气温数据以离散的常规气象站点观测为主,连续分布的格点气温数据则以站点资料插值而得到,分辨率低,无法反映地形等下垫面因素对局地气温的影响,在农业气候区划等研究中具有一定的局限性.随着卫星遥感地表温度算法的日趋成熟,为探讨卫星遥感地表温度数据在气温观测中的可能性和可行性,利用全中国2340个站点1998 2007年的逐旬平均最高气温数据,以及相应时段的NOAA/AVHRR旬最高地表温度数据,以线性回归及拟合模型为主,通过考虑植被指数、土地覆盖类型、季节、风速、气压、降水等各类影响因子,建立了旬最高地表温度与旬平均最高气温间的推算模型,并利用未参与建模的2002-2003年的常规气象站点气温数据,同时与推算气温和插值气温结果进行对比分析.结果表明,利用卫星遥感地表温度数据推算的旬值气温数据可取得较高的精度,尤其在地形复杂地区以及站点稀疏地区精度明显高于插值气温结果.  相似文献